「自分の権利を知ろう」という呼びかけ。"Know Your Rights: What are Miranda Rights?"を読みます。Part 1

2019/03/12 00:00

今日は、ステファン・モロウという大学教授によって書かれた""Know Your Rights: What are Miranda Rights?"からの引用です。
原文はこちら。→　https://www.legalzoom.com/articles/know-your-rights-what-are-miranda-rights

Know Your Rights: What are Miranda Rights?

あなたの権利を知ろう：「ミランダ・ライツ」とは何か？
by Stephanie Morrow
College Professor

Anyone who has seen an episode of Law and Order, NCIS—or any other police drama—has heard a police officer recite: "You have the right to remain silent. If you give up the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you desire an attorney and cannot afford one, an attorney will be obtained for you before police questioning." These statements, or similar advisories, are generally known as “Miranda Rights.” But what exactly are Miranda Rights and what are they designed to protect?

「ロー・アンド・オーダー」や「NCIS」（Naval Criminal Investigative Service『NCIS 〜ネイビー犯罪捜査班』）（その他の刑事ドラマでもだが）、見たことがある人はだれでも、次のような警察官の文言を聞いたことがあるだろう。それは、次のようなものだ。"You have the right to remain silent. If you give up the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you desire an attorney and cannot afford one, an attorney will be obtained for you before police questioning."　（前回訳を出したのでご覧ください。---MisTy）この
文言、あるいは同様の忠告は一般に「ミランダ・ライツ」として知られています。しかし、ミランダ・ライツとは一体どんなもので、何を守るためのものなのでしょうか？

Who is Ernesto Miranda?
Miranda Rights are named after the landmark US Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona. Ernesto Miranda was arrested for stealing $8.00 from an Arizona bank worker. After two hours of questioning, Miranda confessed not only to the robbery but also to kidnapping and rape. When he was brought in for questioning, he was never told that he did not have to speak to police, or that he could consult with a lawyer; he simply confessed to the crimes. He was found guilty.

アーネスト・ミランダとは誰なのか？
「ミランダ・ライツ」というのは、合衆国最高裁判所の画期的な事件、「ミランダ対アリゾナ」事件後に名付けられたものです。アーネスト・ミランダはアリゾナ銀行員から８ドル盗んだとして逮捕されました。２時間にわたる尋問の後、ミランダは強盗だけでなく、誘拐やレイプについても自白しました。尋問に連れて行かれたとき、彼は警察に話す必要はないとか、弁護士に相談することができるということを告げられていませんでした。ただ罪を自白し、有罪となったのです。

Miranda's conviction was appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The Justices ruled that the statements Miranda made to the police could not be used as evidence against him because he had not been advised of his Constitutional rights. Since this decision, police are required to recite the Miranda warning to suspects before any questioning is conducted.

ミランダの有罪判決は合衆国最高裁判所に上告されました。裁判官はミランダの供述は証拠として採用できないと判断しました。それは、彼に憲法上の権利が伝えられていなかったからです。この決定以後、警察は尋問の前に容疑者にミランダ警告を伝えることが必要になっているのです。

The Miranda case did not establish new rights, but rather instituted further protection of Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights.
The following is the standard Miranda warning: "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense."

ミランダ事件で新しい権利が作られたのではなかったのですが、むしろ憲法修正第５条、第６条の権利による保護ををさらに進めることになりました。
次は、標準的なミランダ警告です。 "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense."（注：ほとんど前出のものと同じなので、訳を省略します。)

Each state makes its own rules about exactly what must be told to suspects who have been arrested or are being held for interrogation by police, but the Supreme Court ruling requires these four points to be clearly communicated:

各州にはそれぞれ、逮捕されたり警察の尋問のために拘束されたりしている容疑者に告げられなければならない事項について規則がありますが、最高裁判所の裁定では、次の４つのポイントが明確に共有されています。

ここから次回に回します。読んでね！

MisTy